Method of consolidating pre-preg material ply layers

ABSTRACT

An induction heating compaction system is provided. The system includes an induction heating member and a compaction member. The induction heating member is configured to generate an electromagnetic field at a select frequency. The select frequency causes at least one of the fibers and matrix in pre-preg material to heat up. The compaction member has at least a portion that is made from a material that is transparent to the select frequency of the electromagnetic field generated by the induction heating member. The compaction member includes a cooling assembly that is configured and arranged to extract heat from the pre-preg material, while compacting the pre-preg material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/734,661, filed Jan. 4, 2013, pending, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

BACKGROUND

Composite products can be made from plies of pre-impregnated (pre-preg) material. Pre-preg material includes fibers surrounded by a matrix material, such as a thermosetting or thermoplastic resin or a ceramic matrix. Consolidation of individual ply layers together to form a composite laminate in a buildup is often critical to the quality of the finished composite product. Lack of compaction within the laminate during lamination, before it sees additional consolidation, such as a cure process, press, or other means, can result in wrinkling of the fibers in the laminate, reducing mechanical performance and affecting dimensional characteristics of the finished product. During consolidation it is common to apply heat to the plies of pre-preg material to heat up the matrix material to make the plies more compliant during consolidation. Typical methods of heating and consolidating composites including using hot gas to flood an area in front of a compaction member, using infrared heat to warm the material in front of a compaction member, and using a laser beam to heat material before it is rolled and compacted. Each of these methods requires space allocation for its heating source and space allocation for its compaction member. Many of these systems are energy and time intensive, or have inherent safety issues when an operator is in close proximity.

For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below that will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a safe, effective and efficient system to consolidate plies of pre-preg material.

SUMMARY

The above-mentioned problems of current systems are addressed by embodiments of the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. The following summary is made by way of example and not by way of limitation. It is merely provided to aid the reader in understanding some of the aspects of the invention.

In one embodiment, an induction heating compaction system is provided that includes an induction system or heating member and a compaction member. The induction heating member is configured to generate an electromagnetic field at a select frequency. The select frequency causes at least one of the fibers and matrix in pre-preg material to heat up. The compaction member is configured and arranged to extract heat from the pre-preg material, while compacting the pre-preg material.

In another embodiment, another induction heating compaction system is provided. The system includes a compaction member or device, an induction heating member, and a cooling assembly. The compaction member is configured and arranged to compact ply layers of pre-preg material. The induction heating member is received within the compaction member. The induction heating member is configured to generate an electromagnetic field at a select frequency. The select frequency causes at least one of the fibers and matrix in pre-preg material to heat up. The compaction member has at least a portion that is made from a material that is transparent to the select frequency of the electromagnetic field generated by the induction heating member, such that the induction field can be directed at a composite pre-preg material to be consolidated, while not heating up the compaction member. The cooling assembly is configured and arranged to extract heat from the pre-preg material to solidify the ply layers of pre-preg material in a compact configuration during an in-situ compaction buildup process.

In yet another embodiment, a method of consolidating pre-preg material ply layers is provided. The method includes: inductively heating an area of at least one of fibers and matrix in at least one first pre-preg material ply layer to soften the matrix in the heated area; and compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer during lay-up of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over a second pre-preg material ply layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention can be more easily understood and further advantages and uses thereof will be more readily apparent, when considered in view of the detailed description and the following figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an induction heating compaction system of one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another induction heating compaction system of one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an in-situ compaction buildup process flow diagram of one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4A is a side perspective view of an induction heating compaction system of one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4B is a side view of a portion of the induction heating compaction system of FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5A is a side perspective view of another induction heating compaction system of one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5B is a side perspective view of the induction heating compaction system of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 5C is a side perspective view of the induction heating compaction system of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A is a front view of an induction heating compaction roller used in the induction heating compaction system of FIG. 4A;

FIG. 6B is a front perspective view of the induction heating compaction roller of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 6C is a front perspective exploded view of the induction heating compaction roller of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A is a side perspective view of an induction heating compaction foot used in the induction heating compaction system of FIG. 5A; and

FIG. 7B is a side perspective exploded view of the induction heating compaction foot of FIG. 7A.

In accordance with common practice, the various described features are not drawn to scale but are drawn to emphasize specific features relevant to the present invention. Reference characters denote like elements throughout the figures and the specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the inventions may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims and equivalents thereof

One benefit of some embodiments of the present invention is that they provide an induction heating compaction system that is relatively compact to save space and make packaging easier. A tighter package allows more contour capability within automation systems. In an embodiment of the present invention, induction heating is used to heat conductive fibers in pre-preg material that, in turn, melts or softens the surrounding matrix to allow tight nesting or consolidation of one ply to a previous laid ply or plies, generally known as an “on-the-fly” or “in-situ” process. An example type of conductive fiber used in the pre-preg material is carbon fiber. Since carbon fiber is conductive, it will heat up when subjected to an alternating electromagnetic field of a given frequency, provided by an induction heater assembly. Besides conductive fibers, non-conductive fibers that are metallically coated could be used. In other embodiments, the matrix is formulated to react directly to the induction heating. In these embodiments, the matrix may be loaded with conductive particles. The conductive particles could be metallic, carbon nanofibers, nanofillers, etc. The conductivity components of the matrix would absorb the induction heating and soften the pre-preg. In yet another embodiment, both the fiber and matrix may react to the induction heating.

A compaction member is then used to compact the plies while still warm\hot as part of the in-situ compaction buildup process. The compaction member, of embodiments, extracts heat from the pre-preg material while compacting the lamina or laminate in a consolidated or cured state. In some embodiments, the compaction member is actively cooled for higher temperature materials or to allow faster process speeds. In embodiments, portions of a compaction member, particularly in the “field of view,” so to speak, of the induction field directed toward the composite material, are made from a material that is not affected by the select frequency of the electromagnetic field used to heat up the composite pre-preg material. Hence, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the compaction member is made from material that is transparent to the frequency of the electromagnetic field created by the induction heating member. Moreover, in some embodiments, at least some portions of the compaction member that are not transparent to the frequency of the electromagnetic field are shielded from the induction field.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an induction heating compaction system 100 of one embodiment. The induction heating compaction system 100 includes a positioning assembly 106 that is coupled to a compaction member 110. The positioning assembly 106 is configured to position the compaction member 110 in relation to pre-preg material, as further discussed below. The positioning assembly 106 is controlled by a controller 102. Controller 102 controls functions of the induction heating compaction system 100. The controller 102 receives commands from a user input 104. The compaction member 110 is designed to consolidate plies of the pre-preg material, as further discussed below. The compaction member 110, in this embodiment, includes a heating member 112 and a cooling member assembly 111. That is, the compaction member 110 of this embodiment has a heating member 112 and a cooling member 111 within its assembly. Placing the heating member 112 and cooling member 111 within the compaction member 110 provides a compact assembly. In embodiments, as discussed above, the heating member 112 is an induction heating member that produces an electromagnetic field of a given frequency that heats up the fibers and or matrix in the pre-preg material. The heating member 112 is in electrical communication with a power source 108 that provides an energy source for operating the heating members 112. In one embodiment, the controller 102 controls the power level and time of the energy coming from power source 108. As discussed above, the compaction member 110 further includes a cooling assembly 111. The cooling assembly 111 may be passive (in that it does not require an external energy source) such as, but not limited to, cooling passages and heat sink material or the cooling member 111 may be an active cooling assembly such as, but not limited to, a fan driven system or a coolant pumping system. If the cooling system is active, the controller 102, in an embodiment, is in communication with a cooling source 109, as shown by dashed lines, that, in turn, regulates cooling levels in the cooling member 111. Example cooling systems are described further below. FIG. 2 illustrates another induction heating compaction system 200. The system 200 is similar to the system 100, described in relation to FIG. 1. However, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, a heating member 122 is positioned proximate the compaction member 120, but not within the compaction member 120. This embodiment, also illustrates the use of a second cooling member 121 that can be positioned proximate the compaction member 120, but not within the compaction member 120. In embodiments, the controller 102 activates the cooling source 109 to provide a cooling medium for the cooling members 111 and 121. In embodiments, the cooling members 111 and 121 and/or the heating members 112 (FIGS. 1) and 122 include one or more temperature sensors that are used by the controller 102 at least in part to control the amount of heat produced by the heating members 112 and 122, and the amount of cooling provided to the cooling members 111 and 121.

Referring to FIG. 3, an in-situ compaction buildup process flow diagram 300 that describes a method of implementing systems of an embodiment is illustrated. The process starts by first placing a layer or layers of pre-preg material on a tool surface, or on at least one other ply/plies of pre-preg material that is laid up on a tool (302). In embodiments, the layers can be compacted on each other one at a time or several at a time depending on the application and desired outcome. The compaction member 120 is then positioned in relation to the pre-preg material (304). Once the compaction member 120 is in the correct position to start compaction, the induction heating member 112 is started (306). The induction heating member 112 uses electromagnetic waves of a select power, frequency and time that excites electrons in the conductive fibers and/or conductive components of the matrix of the pre-preg material resulting in the pre-preg being heated up (308). Once the pre-preg material is heated, the compaction member engages the pre-preg material therein, compacting the pre-preg material (310). As the compaction member is compacting the pre-preg material, the compaction member is also pulling heat from the pre-preg material (312). Accordingly, the heat, along with the compaction member, allows a tight nesting or consolidation of the plies of pre-preg material and the extracting of the heat by the compaction member solidifies the laminate in a laminated state (i.e., a partially or fully consolidated state, depending on the composite material used in the process). In the compaction flow diagram 300 embodiment, it is then determined if a last ply or plies of pre-preg material has been applied at step (314). If it is not the last ply/plies (314), the process continues at step (302) by applying another ply/plies of pre-preg material over the prior laminated and compacted plies on the forming tool at step (302). If it is the last ply/plies (314), the process ends. In embodiments, the ply layers can be added in the in-situ process so the ply layers totally cover previously formed ply layers, or subsequent ply layers may only cover portions of previously formed ply layers depending on the desired outcome.

An example of an induction heating compaction system 400, of an embodiment, is illustrated in FIG. 4A. This embodiment uses a compaction roller 450. Moreover, the induction heating compaction system 400 includes a positioning holding head 402. The positioning holding head 402 includes a mounting plate 420 that can be coupled to a further positioning system arm (not shown). The mounting plate 420 is coupled to a bracket assembly 422. The bracket assembly 422 includes a pivot connection 424 that allows the positioning holding head 402 to be pivoted to position the positioning holding head 402 in a desired orientation. Extending from the bracket assembly 422 is a spacer 426. The spacer 426 is coupled to one or more actuators 427 that selectively move the spacer 426 up and down. A holding bracket 428 is coupled to the spacer 426. The holding bracket 428 is designed to hold the compaction roller 450. In particular, the holding bracket 428 includes a first holding arm 428 a and a spaced, second holding arm 428 b. A roller axle 462 of the compaction roller 450 is coupled between the first and second holding arms 428 a and 428 b of the holding bracket 428. FIG. 4A further illustrates the compaction roller 450 engaging plies of pre-preg material 406 that have been laid up on a forming tool 404. In particular, FIG. 4A illustrates the compaction (in-situ) of a ply layer or ply layers 406 a on one or more ply layers 406 that have been laid up on a forming tool 404. Referring to the side view illustrated in FIG. 4B, a description of the induction heating and heat transfer is provided. In particular, FIG. 4B illustrates an induction field 440, as depicted by arrows, that is produced by an induction heating member that is housed within the compaction roller 450, as further described in relation to FIG. 6C below. The induction field 440 heats ply layer or ply layers 406 a. As the compaction roller 450 engages the ply layers 406 a, heat 447 from the ply layers 406 a is extracted back to the compaction roller 450 and the ply layers 406 a are solidified in a compact state. Compaction roller 450, in this embodiment, includes cooling passages 451 that help maintain the compaction roller 450 in a cool state. FIG. 4B further illustrates a temperature sensor 429 positioned to view and sense temperature of material 406 a and provide feedback to controller 102 (FIGS. 1 and 2). A second induction temperature sensor (not shown) can be used to measure the temperature of a compaction roller cover 452 (see FIG. 6C) and provide feedback to controller 102. Also illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B is a material dispensing member 425 that is designed to dispense and position the one or more ply layers 406 a with respect to the roller 450. The material dispensing member 425 typically includes the capability to cut and restart the material 406 a as needed in the lay-up.

Another example embodiment of an induction heater compaction system 500 is illustrated in FIG. 5A. In the induction heating compaction system 500, a compaction foot 502 (or compaction shoe) is used as the compaction member. In this embodiment, the compaction foot 502 is coupled to the positioning holding head 402 via the holding bracket 428. In particular, the compaction foot 502 is coupled between the first and second holding arms 428 a and 428 b of the holding bracket 428. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, the compaction foot 502 is positioned to compact the plies of pre-preg material 406 positioned on the tool 404. In this embodiment, the cooling member includes cooling passages 508 b. The cooling passages 508 b in the compaction foot 502 help maintain the compaction foot 502 in a cool state to allow the compaction foot 502 to extract heat from the pre-preg material 406 to solidify the plies in a compacted state. Although only roller and foot configuration examples of the compaction member are provided, other configurations can be used and the present invention is not limited to just roller and foot configurations. Referring to FIG. 5B, an illustration of the induction heating compaction system 500 positioned to provide induction heat 530 to the pre-preg material 406 is provided. As illustrated, in this embodiment, the compaction foot 502 is spaced a select distance from the pre-preg material 406 when providing the induction field 530. In other embodiments, the compaction foot 502 can already be in motion to make contact or already be in contact with the pre-preg material 406 when the induction field 530 is energized. Once the pre-preg material 406 has been heated, the compaction foot 502 of the induction heating compaction system 500 compacts the pre-preg material 406 as illustrated in FIG. 5C. Also illustrated in FIG. 5C is the heat 520 being extracted from the pre-preg material 406 into the compaction foot 502 to solidify the pre-preg material 406 in a compact configuration.

The compaction roller 450 is further illustrated in FIGS. 6A through 6C. In particular, FIG. 6A illustrates a front view of the assembled compaction roller 450, FIG. 6B illustrates a front perspective view of the compaction roller 450, and FIG. 6C illustrates an exploded unassembled view of the compaction roller 450. Referring to FIG. 6C, the compaction roller 450 in this embodiment includes, a roller axle 462 that has a cylindrical mid-portion 462 a and opposed first and second end portions 462 b and 462 c. The first and second end portions 462 b and 462 c have smaller diameters than the mid-portion 462 a. In another embodiment, a pair of stub shafts is used instead of the roller axle 462. The pair of stubs would function as the first and second end portions 462 b and 462 c of the roller axle 462. A cylindrical shielding 453 is received over the mid-portion 462 a of the roller axle 462 in this embodiment. The shielding 453 shields at least a portion of the roller axle 462 from the electromagnetic waves generated by an induction heating member 458. In an embodiment, the shielding 453 is made with electromagnetic wave shielding material. For example, the shielding material could be made from thin sheets of copper and/or aluminum or high nickel content foil that is tailored to the frequencies used in the process. For example, the higher the frequency, the thinner the sheets used. Other types of electromagnetic wave shielding material known in the art could also be used. The induction heating member 458 is then, in turn, received over the shielding 453. A pair of lead wires 457 a and 457 b that provide energy from a power source to the induction heating member 458 are also illustrated in FIG. 6C. A first bearing 456 is received on the first end portion 462 b of the roller axle 462. The first bearing 456 engages a first shoulder 462 d formed between the first end portion 462 b and the mid-portion 462 a of the roller axle 462. A second bearing 464 is received on the second end portion 462 c of the roller axle 462. The second bearing 464 engages a second shoulder 462 e formed between the second end portion 462 c and the mid-portion 462 a of the roller axle 462. A main roller support 454 is received over the roller axle 462. The main roller support 454 engages the first and second bearings 456 and 464 such that the main roller support 454 is rotationally coupled to the roller axle 462. The main roller support 454 in this embodiment includes a plurality of cooling passages 451, as best seen in FIG. 6B. Further, in this embodiment, a cooling device 466 is mounted on the second end portion 462 c of the roller axle 462. The cooling device 466 in this embodiment provides flow of fluids or gas through the plurality of cooling passages 451 in the main roller support 454. In other embodiments, passive cooling may be used and cooling device 466 may not be needed. A roller cover 452 is received over the main roller support 454. The roller cover 452 is designed to compact ply layers of pre-preg material. The roller cover 452 may be solid or a compliant material to conform to the shape being consolidated. Moreover, in some embodiments, the roller cover 452 is designed to be replaced.

An embodiment that uses a compaction foot (or shoe) 502 is illustrated in the assembled side perspective view of FIG. 7A and the exploded (unassembled) side perspective view of FIG. 7B. The compaction foot 502 includes a stamp member 508. The stamp member 508, in this embodiment, has a rectangular base portion 507 e. The stamp member 508 further has opposed first and second end walls 507 a and 507 b that extend from opposed ends of the rectangular base portion 507 e. The stamp member 508 also has opposed first and second side walls 507 c and 507 d that extend from opposed sides of the rectangular base portion 507 e. The first and second end walls 507 a and 507 b, the first and second side walls 507 c and 507 d and the base portion 507 e form an inner chamber 509 of the stamp member 508. A plurality of cooling passages 508 a and 508 b extend through the first and second side walls 507 c and 507 d of the stamp member 508 and form at least part of a cooling assembly. An engaging member 510 (or engaging cover) is coupled to a bottom of the base portion 507 e of the stamp member 508. The engaging member 510 can be a solid surface or a compliant surface to accommodate local contour. In one embodiment, the engaging member 510 is covered with a low adherence material for easy release from the pre-preg material. The engaging member 510 is designed to engage and compact ply layers of pre-preg material. An induction heating member 506 is received in the inner chamber 509 of the stamp member 508. Also shown in FIG. 7B, are lead wires 519 a and 519 b that deliver power from a power source to the induction heating member 506. The compaction foot 502 of this embodiment further includes a shield member 504. The shield member 504 includes a shield top cover 504 a and a shield side extending portion 504 b that extends from the shield top cover 504 a to form an inner chamber in which the induction heating member 506 is received. The shield side extending portion 504 b is, in turn, received in the inner chamber 509 of the stamp member 508. The shield top cover 504 a covers the inner chamber 509 of the stamp member 508. The shield member 504 design may vary with the purpose to protect areas where the induction field is not desirable, and allow it to focus on the material to be compacted. Hence, the shield member 504 is made from electromagnetic wave shielding material that shields other components from the electromagnetic field generated by the induction heating member 506. In other embodiments, the compaction foot 502 is made up of sections that move independently to each other so that the compaction feet 502 can walk across the pre-preg material in the in-situ compaction buildup process. Moreover, in other embodiments more than one compaction shoe 502 is used in the in-situ compaction buildup process. In addition, although the compaction shoe 502 is illustrated as being rectangular in shape, the compaction shoe 502 may be any shape that conforms the pre-preg layers to the desired shape of the formed composite structure. The same is true of the compaction roller 450, as discussed above.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement, which is calculated to achieve the same purpose, may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof. 

1. A method of consolidating pre-preg material ply layers, the method comprising: laying-up at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over at least one second pre-preg material ply layer on a contoured surface of a forming tool; inductively heating an area of at least one of fibers or matrix in the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer to soften the matrix in the heated area with an induction heater of a compaction member; compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer during the lay-up of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer; while compacting the heated area, extracting heat energy from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer with a cooling member within the compaction member; and joining the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer in a compact state.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising solidifying the at least one first pre-preg material layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer in the compact state.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising automatically laying up at least a portion of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating induction heat of a given frequency to apply heat energy to the at least one of the fibers or matrix in the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with the induction heater.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising shielding at least some elements of the compaction member from heating effects of the induction heating.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising actively cooling the compaction member that compacts the heated area to extract the heat energy from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer comprises applying a force to the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with a compaction roller of the compaction member.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer comprises applying a force to the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with a compaction foot of the compaction member.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting heat from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer comprises cooling the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer with at least one of cooling passages or heat sink material of the compaction member.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising flowing at least one of a gas or a liquid through a flow path of the cooling passages.
 11. A method of consolidating pre-preg material, the method comprising: laying-up at least one first pre-preg material over a surface of a forming tool; laying-up at least one second pre-preg material over the at least one first pre-preg material and the forming tool; inductively heating a portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with an induction heater of a compaction member; compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material over the at least one first pre-preg material; while compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material, extracting heat energy from the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with a cooling member of the compaction member.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising at least one of joining or solidifying the at least one first pre-preg material and the at least one second pre-preg material in a compact state.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material comprises applying a force to the at least one second pre-preg material with one of a compaction roller or a compaction foot of the compaction member.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein extracting heat from the at least one second pre-preg material comprises cooling the at least one second pre-preg material with cooling passages defined within the compaction member.
 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising directing an electromagnetic field at a select frequency at the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material from the induction heater positioned within compaction member.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein extracting heat energy from the at least one second pre-preg material comprises transferring the heat energy from the at least one second pre-preg material to a portion of the cooling member within the compaction member.
 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising inductive heating and extracting heat energy from the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with the same component of the compaction member.
 18. A method of consolidating material, the method comprising: laying-up a material over a surface of a forming tool; laying-up another material comprising fibers and matrix over the material and the forming tool; inductively heating a portion of the another material with an induction heater of a compaction member; and compacting the heated area of the another material solely with the compaction member while extracting heat from the another material with a cooling member within the compaction member.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising directing an electromagnetic field at a select frequency at the portion of the another material from the induction heater positioned within compaction member.
 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising actively cooling the another material with the cooling member. 